T1685: Disable or Modify Tools
Adversaries may disable, degrade, or tamper with security tools or applications (e.g., endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools, intrusion detection systems (IDS), antivirus, logging agents, sensors, etc.) to impair or reduce visibility of defensive capabilities. This may include stopping specific services, killing processes, modifying or deleting tool configuration files and Registry keys, or preventing tools from updating. This may also include impairing defenses more broadly by disrupting preventative, detection, and response mechanisms across host, network, and cloud environments.[1]
In addition to directly targeting tools, adversaries may block or manipulate indicators and telemetry used for detection. This includes maliciously disabling or redirecting sensors such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW), modifying event log configurations (e.g., redirecting Security logs), or interfering with logging pipelines and forwarding mechanisms (e.g., SIEM ingestion).[2][3]
More advanced techniques include leveraging legitimate drivers or debugging mechanisms to render tools non-functional, bypassing anti-tampering protections, and targeting specific defenses such as Sysmon or cloud monitoring agents. Adversaries may also disrupt broader defensive operations, including update mechanisms, logging infrastructure (e.g., syslog), or event aggregation, further degrading an organization’s ability to detect and respond to malicious activity.[4]
Security context for executives and security teams
Disable or Modify Tools is a defense-impairment technique: adversaries tamper with security tooling, logging, sensors, update mechanisms, or telemetry pipelines so responders lose visibility at the moment they need it most. For leaders, the practical issue is not only whether EDR, IDS, cloud logs, or SIEM forwarding exist, but whether the organization can prove they remain trustworthy during an intrusion.
Executive priority
Prioritize this as an operational resilience and audit-evidence risk. If security tools, event logs, cloud logging, or SIEM ingestion can be stopped or altered by compromised accounts or local administrators without rapid detection, incident response timelines, regulatory evidence, and recovery decisions become less reliable. The ATT&CK relationships also connect this behavior to campaigns involving energy, supply chain compromise, VPN appliances, and critical infrastructure contexts, making it relevant to both enterprise and cyber-physical risk discussions where those environments exist.
Technical view
Validate coverage across the listed platforms: Windows, Linux, macOS, ESXi, IaaS, containers, and network devices. SOC and IR teams should test whether they can detect service stops, killed security processes, configuration or registry changes, logging changes, update disruption, ETW or event-log tampering, syslog or SIEM forwarding failure, cloud monitoring-agent changes, and mismatches between security-tool UI health and underlying telemetry. Because ATT&CK provides no official detection text for this technique, use the related detection strategy DET0497 as a pointer and map validation to the sub-techniques for Windows Event Log, cloud logs, Linux audit logs, log clearing, and tool UI manipulation.
Likely telemetry
- Endpoint security tool health and tamper events
- Process creation, process termination, and service-control events
- File integrity and permission changes for security-tool configurations and logging paths
- Windows Registry changes for security, logging, and startup-related keys
- Windows Event Log, ETW, and audit policy configuration events
Detection direction
- Alert on unexpected disabling, stopping, deletion, or configuration changes to defensive tools and logging components.
- Monitor for gaps: missing heartbeats, sudden ingestion drops, log-source silence, or telemetry redirection can be as important as explicit tamper alerts.
- Correlate tool-health events with privileged account activity because several mitigations depend on limiting who can change tools, files, directories, registry keys, and logging settings.
- Tune for authorized maintenance windows, software upgrades, and administrator troubleshooting to reduce false positives while preserving high-severity handling for unscheduled or multi-system impairment.
- Validate sub-technique coverage separately for Windows Event Log changes, cloud log changes, Linux audit changes, Windows log clearing, Linux/macOS log clearing, and security-tool UI spoofing or inconsistency.
Mitigation priorities
- Enforce least privilege and strong user account management for accounts able to administer security tools, logging, cloud monitoring, and SIEM integrations.
- Restrict file, directory, and registry permissions around security tooling, logging configurations, startup locations, and audit settings.
- Use execution prevention to limit unauthorized code, scripts, drivers, or tooling that could impair defenses.
- Remove or disable unnecessary software, features, or services that increase the number of components defenders must protect and monitor.
- Harden software configurations for endpoint, cloud, network, and logging tools, including update and tamper-resistance settings where available.
Additional notes and limits
This object consolidates older ATT&CK coverage for disabling security tools, indicator blocking, and broader impair-defense behavior. The sub-techniques provide the most useful scoping for engineering work: Windows logs, cloud logs, Linux audit logs, log clearing on Windows/Linux/macOS, and tool UI manipulation. The campaign relationships show this behavior has appeared in notable ATT&CK-documented campaigns, but local relevance depends on the organization’s platforms, logging architecture, and administrative model.
ATT&CK does not provide official detection analytics for this object in the supplied fields. The guidance above is derived from the official description, listed platforms, tactic, mitigations, detection-strategy relationship, and related sub-techniques; it does not prove any environment has detection coverage or exposure. Local validation is required to determine which tools, logs, accounts, and pipelines can be modified and whether independent monitoring would catch impairment.
Generated from the cited source records. This long-tail analysis has not been individually reviewed by a named human.
Disable or Modify Tools
Adversaries may disable, degrade, or tamper with security tools or applications (e.g., endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools, intrusion detection systems (IDS), antivirus, logging agents, sensors, etc.) to impair or reduce visibility of defensive capabilities. This may include stopping specific services, killing processes, modifying or deleting tool configuration files and Registry keys, or preventing tools from updating. This may also include impairing defenses more broadly by disrupting preventative, detection, and response mechanisms across host, network, and cloud environments.[1]
In addition to directly targeting tools, adversaries may block or manipulate indicators and telemetry used for detection. This includes maliciously disabling or redirecting sensors such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW), modifying event log configurations (e.g., redirecting Security logs), or interfering with logging pipelines and forwarding mechanisms (e.g., SIEM ingestion).[2][3]
More advanced techniques include leveraging legitimate drivers or debugging mechanisms to render tools non-functional, bypassing anti-tampering protections, and targeting specific defenses such as Sysmon or cloud monitoring agents. Adversaries may also disrupt broader defensive operations, including update mechanisms, logging infrastructure (e.g., syslog), or event aggregation, further degrading an organization’s ability to detect and respond to malicious activity.[4]
How security teams should use this page
Treat this object as behavior context, not an attribution claim. Validate the related groups, software, data sources, and mitigations against official ATT&CK relationships and your own telemetry before making control-coverage decisions.
Related techniques
This mirrors the MITRE pattern of making group, software, campaign, and technique relationships scannable. Relationship notes come from mirrored ATT&CK relationship text when available.
| Domain | ID | Name | Relationship / procedure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enterprise | T1685.002 | Disable or Modify Cloud LogSub-technique | Disable or Modify Cloud Log subtechnique of this object. |
| Enterprise | T1562.001 | Disable or Modify ToolsSub-technique | Disable or Modify Tools revoked by this object. |
| Enterprise | T1685.001 | Disable or Modify Windows Event LogSub-technique | Disable or Modify Windows Event Log subtechnique of this object. |
| Enterprise | T1562.006 | Indicator BlockingSub-technique | Indicator Blocking revoked by this object. |
| Enterprise | T1685.006 | Clear Linux or Mac System LogsSub-technique | Clear Linux or Mac System Logs subtechnique of this object. |
| Enterprise | T1685.005 | Clear Windows Event LogsSub-technique | Clear Windows Event Logs subtechnique of this object. |
Groups, software, and campaigns
G1015: Scattered Spider
Scattered Spider is a native English-speaking cybercriminal group active since at least 2022. [1] [2] The group initially targeted customer relationship management (CRM) providers, business process outsourcing (BPO) firms, and telecommunications and technology companies before expanding in 2023 to gaming, hospitality, retail, managed service provider (MSP), manufacturing, and financial sectors. [2] Scattered Spider relies heavily on social engineering, including impersonating IT and help-desk staff, to gain initial access, bypass multi-factor authentication (MFA), and compromise enterprise networks. The group has adapted its tooling to evade endpoint detection and response (EDR) defenses and used ransomware for financial gain. [3] [4] [5] Scattered Spider had expanded into hybrid cloud and identity environments, using help-desk impersonation and MFA bypass to obtain administrator access in Okta, AWS, and Office 365. [6]
G0094: Kimsuky
Kimsuky is a Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)-based cyber espionage group that has been active since at least 2012. The group initially targeted South Korean government agencies, think tanks, and subject-matter experts in various fields. Its operations expanded to include the United Nations and organizations in the government, education, business services, and manufacturing sectors across the United States, Japan, Russia, and Europe. Kimsuky has focused collection on foreign policy and national security issues tied to the Korean Peninsula, nuclear policy, and sanctions. Kimsuky operations have overlapped with those of other North Korean state-sponsored cyber espionage actors as a result of ad hoc collaborations or other limited resource sharing.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Kimsuky was assessed to be responsible for the 2014 Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. compromise; other notable campaigns include Operation STOLEN PENCIL (2018), Operation Kabar Cobra (2019), and Operation Smoke Screen (2019).[7][8][9] In 2023, Kimsuky was observed using commercial large language models (LLMs) to assist with vulnerability research, scripting, social engineering and reconnaissance.[10]
DPRK threat actor cluster boundaries overlap in open source reporting, with some security researchers consolidating all attributed North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under Lazarus Group, rather than tracking operationally distinct subgroups.
G0078: Gorgon Group
Gorgon Group is a threat group consisting of members who are suspected to be Pakistan-based or have other connections to Pakistan. The group has performed a mix of criminal and targeted attacks, including campaigns against government organizations in the United Kingdom, Spain, Russia, and the United States. [1]
G0037: FIN6
G1054: MirrorFace
MirrorFace is a People's Republic of China (PRC)-aligned cyberespionage actor believed to be a subgroup under the menuPass umbrella based on targeting, tools, and infrastructure overlaps. MirrorFace has been active since at least 2019, at first exclusively targeting Japanese organizations across the media, defense, diplomatic, financial, manufacturing, and academic sectors. Subsequent MirrorFace operations included targets in Central Europe and featured use of LODEINFO, HiddenFace, and UPPERCUT malware.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
G1030: Agrius
G1023: APT5
APT5 is a China-based espionage actor that has been active since at least 2007 primarily targeting the telecommunications, aerospace, and defense industries throughout the U.S., Europe, and Asia. APT5 has displayed advanced tradecraft and significant interest in compromising networking devices and their underlying software including through the use of zero-day exploits.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
G1018: TA2541
TA2541 is a cybercriminal group that has been targeting the aviation, aerospace, transportation, manufacturing, and defense industries since at least 2017. TA2541 campaigns are typically high volume and involve the use of commodity remote access tools obfuscated by crypters and themes related to aviation, transportation, and travel.[1][2]
G1043: BlackByte
BlackByte is a ransomware threat actor operating since at least 2021. BlackByte is associated with several versions of ransomware also labeled BlackByte Ransomware. BlackByte ransomware operations initially used a common encryption key allowing for the development of a universal decryptor, but subsequent versions such as BlackByte 2.0 Ransomware use more robust encryption mechanisms. BlackByte is notable for operations targeting critical infrastructure entities among other targets across North America.[1][2][3][4][5]
G0119: Indrik Spider
Indrik Spider is a Russia-based cybercriminal group that has been active since at least 2014. Indrik Spider initially started with the Dridex banking Trojan, and then by 2017 they began running ransomware operations using BitPaymer, WastedLocker, and Hades ransomware. Following U.S. sanctions and an indictment in 2019, Indrik Spider changed their tactics and diversified their toolset.[1][2][3]
G1052: Contagious Interview
Contagious Interview is a North Korea–aligned threat group active since 2023. The group conducts both cyberespionage and financially motivated operations, including the theft of cryptocurrency and user credentials. Contagious Interview targets Windows, Linux, and macOS systems, with a particular focus on individuals engaged in software development and cryptocurrency-related activities. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
G0082: APT38
APT38 is a North Korean state-sponsored threat group that specializes in financial cyber operations; it has been attributed to the Reconnaissance General Bureau.[1] Active since at least 2014, APT38 has targeted banks, financial institutions, casinos, cryptocurrency exchanges, SWIFT system endpoints, and ATMs in at least 38 countries worldwide. Significant operations include the 2016 Bank of Bangladesh heist, during which APT38 stole $81 million, as well as attacks against Bancomext [2] and Banco de Chile [2]; some of their attacks have been destructive.[1][2][3][4]
North Korean group definitions are known to have significant overlap, and some security researchers report all North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under the name Lazarus Group instead of tracking clusters or subgroups.
S0669: KOCTOPUS
S1234: SplatCloak
SplatCloak is a malware that disables EDR-related routines used by Windows Defender and Kaspersky to aid in evading detection. SplatCloak has been deployed by SplatDropper and is known to be leveraged by Mustang Panda since 2025.[1]
S1048: macOS.OSAMiner
macOS.OSAMiner is a Monero mining trojan that was first observed in 2018; security researchers assessed macOS.OSAMiner may have been circulating since at least 2015. macOS.OSAMiner is known for embedding one run-only AppleScript into another, which helped the malware evade full analysis for five years due to a lack of Apple event (AEVT) analysis tools.[1][2]
S0576: MegaCortex
MegaCortex is ransomware that first appeared in May 2019. [1] MegaCortex has mainly targeted industrial organizations. [2][3]
S0201: JPIN
S0638: Babuk
S1130: Raspberry Robin
Raspberry Robin is initial access malware first identified in September 2021, and active through early 2024. The malware is notable for spreading via infected USB devices containing a malicious LNK object that, on execution, retrieves remote hosted payloads for installation. Raspberry Robin has been widely used against various industries and geographies, and as a precursor to information stealer, ransomware, and other payloads such as SocGholish, Cobalt Strike, IcedID, and Bumblebee.[1][2][3] The DLL componenet in the Raspberry Robin infection chain is also referred to as "Roshtyak."[4] The name "Raspberry Robin" is used to refer to both the malware as well as the threat actor associated with its use, although the Raspberry Robin operators are also tracked as Storm-0856 by some vendors.[5]
S0697: HermeticWiper
S0481: Ragnar Locker
Ragnar Locker is a ransomware that has been in use since at least December 2019.[1][2]
S0689: WhisperGate
WhisperGate is a multi-stage wiper designed to look like ransomware that has been used against multiple government, non-profit, and information technology organizations in Ukraine since at least January 2022.[1][2][3]
S0457: Netwalker
S0670: WarzoneRAT
WarzoneRAT is a malware-as-a-service remote access tool (RAT) written in C++ that has been publicly available for purchase since at least late 2018.[1][2]
C0055: Quad7 Activity
Quad7 Activity, also known as CovertNetwork-1658 or the 7777 Botnet, is a network of compromised small office/home office (SOHO) routers. [1] [2] The botnet was initially composed primarily of TP-Link routers and was named Quad7 due to compromised devices exposing TCP port 7777 with the distinctive banner xlogin. Later activity showed a significant increase in compromised Asus routers and the addition of new ports and banners, including TCP port 63256 displaying alogin. Quad7 infrastructure functions as a collection of egress IPs that various China-affiliated threat actors have used to conduct password-spraying and brute-force operations. [1][3] Microsoft has reported that Storm-0940 leveraged credentials obtained through Quad7 Activity to target organizations in North America and Europe, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, think tanks, law firms, energy firms, IT providers, and defense industrial base entities. [2]
C0029: Cutting Edge
Cutting Edge was a campaign conducted by suspected China-nexus espionage actors, variously identified as UNC5221/UTA0178 and UNC5325, that began as early as December 2023 with the exploitation of zero-day vulnerabilities in Ivanti Connect Secure (previously Pulse Secure) VPN appliances. Cutting Edge targeted the U.S. defense industrial base and multiple sectors globally including telecommunications, financial, aerospace, and technology. Cutting Edge featured the use of defense evasion and living-off-the-land (LoTL) techniques along with the deployment of web shells and other custom malware.[1][2][3][4][5]
C0028: 2015 Ukraine Electric Power Attack
2015 Ukraine Electric Power Attack was a Sandworm Team campaign during which they used BlackEnergy (specifically BlackEnergy3) and KillDisk to target and disrupt transmission and distribution substations within the Ukrainian power grid. This campaign was the first major public attack conducted against the Ukrainian power grid by Sandworm Team.
C0035: KV Botnet Activity
KV Botnet Activity consisted of exploitation of primarily “end-of-life” small office-home office (SOHO) equipment from manufacturers such as Cisco, NETGEAR, and DrayTek. KV Botnet Activity was used by Volt Typhoon to obfuscate connectivity to victims in multiple critical infrastructure segments, including energy and telecommunication companies and entities based on the US territory of Guam. While the KV Botnet is the most prominent element of this campaign, it overlaps with another botnet cluster referred to as the JDY cluster.[1] This botnet was disrupted by US law enforcement entities in early 2024 after periods of activity from October 2022 through January 2024.[2]
All related ATT&CK context
Mitigation direction
Object version and sync metadata
The fields below describe the current mirrored snapshot. When Glexia retains multiple ATT&CK source imports, you can open the table to compare the same object across releases (hashes and MITRE timestamps). For MITRE’s own release notes and roadmap, see ATT&CK resources — Updates.
Imported snapshots across ATT&CK releases(1)
| Release | Bundle imported | Object version | Modified | Status | Raw hash |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19.1 | 1.0 | Current bundle | 79447f460526… |
Mirrored ATT&CK source object
The raw object is retained through the mirrored ATT&CK source bundle and object hash. The raw endpoint returns the exact object from the mirrored bundle when available.
External references and citations
MITRE external references are preserved separately from Glexia analysis so citations remain traceable to their original source records.
- [1]SCADAfence_ransomware
Shaked, O. (2020, January 20). Anatomy of a Targeted Ransomware Attack. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
Open source URL - [2]Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017
Microsoft. (2009, May 17). Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
Open source URL - [3]ETW Palantir
Palantir. (2018, December 24). Tampering with Windows Event Tracing: Background, Offense, and Defense. Retrieved April 15, 2026.
Open source URL - [4]Cocomazzi FIN7 Reboot
Cocomazzi, Antonio. (2024, July 17). FIN7 Reboot | Cybercrime Gang Enhances Ops with New EDR Bypasses and Automated Attacks. Retrieved September 24, 2025.
Open source URL - [5]MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021
Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
Open source URL - [6]Zscaler PAKLOG CorkLog SplatCloak Splatdropper April 2025
Sudeep Singh. (2025, April 16). Latest Mustang Panda Arsenal: PAKLOG, CorKLOG, and SplatCloak | P2. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
Open source URL - [7]Sekoia 7777 Botnet JUL 2024
Aime, F. et al. (n.d.). Solving the 7777 Botnet enigma: A cybersecurity quest. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
Open source URL - [8]Microsoft Storm-0940
Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, October 31). Chinese threat actor Storm-0940 uses credentials from password spray attacks from a covert network. Retrieved June 4, 2025.
Open source URL - [9]Bitsight 7777 Botnet
Batista, João. Gi7w0rm. (2024, August 27). Retrieved June 5, 2025.
Open source URL - [10]SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021
Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
Open source URL - [11]IBM MegaCortex
Del Fierro, C. Kessem, L.. (2020, January 8). From Mega to Giga: Cross-Version Comparison of Top MegaCortex Modifications. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
Open source URL - [12]Mandiant UNC3944 May 2025
Mandiant Incident Response. (2025, May 6). Defending Against UNC3944: Cybercrime Hardening Guidance from the Frontlines. Retrieved October 13, 2025.
Open source URL - [13]Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016
Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Open source URL - [14]Securelist Kimsuky Sept 2013
Tarakanov , D.. (2013, September 11). The “Kimsuky” Operation: A North Korean APT?. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Open source URL - [15]Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021
An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
Open source URL - [16]Sogeti CERT ESEC Babuk March 2021
Sogeti. (2021, March). Babuk Ransomware. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
Open source URL - [17]HP RaspberryRobin 2024
Patrick Schläpfer . (2024, April 10). Raspberry Robin Now Spreading Through Windows Script Files. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
Open source URL - [18]Unit 42 Gorgon Group Aug 2018
Falcone, R., et al. (2018, August 02). The Gorgon Group: Slithering Between Nation State and Cybercrime. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Open source URL - [19]SentinelOne Hermetic Wiper February 2022
Guerrero-Saade, J. (2022, February 23). HermeticWiper | New Destructive Malware Used In Cyber Attacks on Ukraine. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
Open source URL - [20]Crowdstrike DriveSlayer February 2022
Thomas, W. et al. (2022, February 25). CrowdStrike Falcon Protects from New Wiper Malware Used in Ukraine Cyberattacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
Open source URL - [21]Qualys Hermetic Wiper March 2022
Dani, M. (2022, March 1). Ukrainian Targets Hit by HermeticWiper, New Datawiper Malware. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
Open source URL - [22]Sophos Ragnar May 2020
SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
Open source URL - [23]FireEye FIN6 Apr 2019
McKeague, B. et al. (2019, April 5). Pick-Six: Intercepting a FIN6 Intrusion, an Actor Recently Tied to Ryuk and LockerGoga Ransomware. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
Open source URL - [24]Unit 42 WhisperGate January 2022
Falcone, R. et al.. (2022, January 20). Threat Brief: Ongoing Russia and Ukraine Cyber Conflict. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
Open source URL - [25]Cisco Ukraine Wipers January 2022
Biasini, N. et al.. (2022, January 21). Ukraine Campaign Delivers Defacement and Wipers, in Continued Escalation. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
Open source URL - [26]Medium S2W WhisperGate January 2022
S2W. (2022, January 18). Analysis of Destructive Malware (WhisperGate) targeting Ukraine. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
Open source URL - [27]TrendMicro Netwalker May 2020
Victor, K.. (2020, May 18). Netwalker Fileless Ransomware Injected via Reflective Loading . Retrieved May 26, 2020.
Open source URL - [28]Sophos Netwalker May 2020
Szappanos, G., Brandt, A.. (2020, May 27). Netwalker ransomware tools give insight into threat actor. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
Open source URL - [29]Check Point Warzone Feb 2020
Harakhavik, Y. (2020, February 3). Warzone: Behind the enemy lines. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
Open source URL - [30]Zscaler XLoader 2025
Zscaler Threatlabz. (2025, January 27). Technical Analysis of Xloader Versions 6 and 7 | Part 1. Retrieved March 11, 2025.
Open source URL - [31]Netskope XLoader 2022
Gustavo Palazolo, Netskope. (2022, March 11). New Formbook Campaign Delivered Through Phishing Emails. Retrieved March 11, 2025.
Open source URL - [32]JPCERT MirrorFace JUL 2024
Tomonaga, S. (2024, July 16). MirrorFace Attack against Japanese Organisations. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
Open source URL - [33]Splunk RedLine Stealer June 2023
Splunk Threat Research Team. (2023, June 1). Do Not Cross The 'RedLine' Stealer: Detections and Analysis. Retrieved September 17, 2025.
Open source URL - [34]McAfee Gold Dragon
Sherstobitoff, R., Saavedra-Morales, J. (2018, February 02). Gold Dragon Widens Olympics Malware Attacks, Gains Permanent Presence on Victims’ Systems. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
Open source URL - [35]Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024
Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
Open source URL - [36]Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024
Meltzer, M. et al. (2024, January 10). Active Exploitation of Two Zero-Day Vulnerabilities in Ivanti Connect Secure VPN. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
Open source URL - [37]Unit42 Agrius 2023
Or Chechik, Tom Fakterman, Daniel Frank & Assaf Dahan. (2023, November 6). Agonizing Serpens (Aka Agrius) Targeting the Israeli Higher Education and Tech Sectors. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
Open source URL - [38]Ensilo Darkgate 2018
Adi Zeligson & Rotem Kerner. (2018, November 13). Enter The DarkGate - New Cryptocurrency Mining and Ransomware Campaign. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
Open source URL - [39]Booz Allen Hamilton
Booz Allen Hamilton. (2016). When The Lights Went Out. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
Open source URL - [40]Lumen KVBotnet 2023
Black Lotus Labs. (2023, December 13). Routers Roasting On An Open Firewall: The KV-Botnet Investigation. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
Open source URL - [41]Group IB Ransomware September 2020
Group IB. (2020, September). LOCK LIKE A PRO. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
Open source URL - [42]CERT Polska
CERT Polska. (2026, January 30). Energy Sector Incident Report – 29 December. Retrieved April 22, 2026.
Open source URL - [43]Cylance Cleaver
Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Open source URL - [44]FBI Lockbit 2.0 FEB 2022
FBI. (2022, February 4). Indicators of Compromise Associated with LockBit 2.0 Ransomware. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
Open source URL - [45]Palo Alto Lockbit 2.0 JUN 2022
Elsad, A. et al. (2022, June 9). LockBit 2.0: How This RaaS Operates and How to Protect Against It. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
Open source URL - [46]Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021
Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
Open source URL - [47]Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017
Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Open source URL - [48]Proofpoint TA2541 February 2022
Larson, S. and Wise, J. (2022, February 15). Charting TA2541's Flight. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
Open source URL - [49]Zscaler PureCrypter JUN 2022
Dumont, R. (2022, June 13). Technical Analysis of PureCrypter: A Fully-Functional Loader Distributing Remote Access Trojans and Information Stealers. Retrieved April 16, 2026.
Open source URL - [50]Trend Micro Skidmap
Remillano, A., Urbanec, J. (2019, September 19). Skidmap Linux Malware Uses Rootkit Capabilities to Hide Cryptocurrency-Mining Payload. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
Open source URL - [51]FBI BlackByte 2022
US Federal Bureau of Investigation & US Secret Service. (2022, February 11). Indicators of Compromise Associated with BlackByte Ransomware. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
Open source URL - [52]Picus BlackByte 2022
Huseyin Can Yuceel. (2022, February 21). TTPs used by BlackByte Ransomware Targeting Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
Open source URL - [53]Cisco BlackByte 2024
James Nutland, Craig Jackson, Terryn Valikodath, & Brennan Evans. (2024, August 28). BlackByte blends tried-and-true tradecraft with newly disclosed vulnerabilities to support ongoing attacks. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
Open source URL - [54]Cisco Salt Typhoon FEB 2025
Cisco Talos. (2025, February 20). Weathering the storm: In the midst of a Typhoon. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
Open source URL - [55]Socket Shai-Hulud November 2025
Socket Research Team. (2025, November 24). Shai Hulud Strikes Again (v2). Retrieved April 9, 2026.
Open source URL - [56]GitHub SILENTTRINITY Modules July 2019
Salvati, M. (2019, August 6). SILENTTRINITY Modules. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
Open source URL - [57]Forcepoint Monsoon
Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Open source URL - [58]Fortinet Diavol July 2021
Neeamni, D., Rubinfeld, A.. (2021, July 1). Diavol - A New Ransomware Used By Wizard Spider?. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
Open source URL - [59]CodeX Microsoft Defender 2021
Christopher Brumm. (2021, August 4). My learnings on Microsoft Defender for Endpoint and Exclusions. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
Open source URL - [60]Symantec WastedLocker June 2020
Symantec Threat Intelligence. (2020, June 25). WastedLocker: Symantec Identifies Wave of Attacks Against U.S. Organizations. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
Open source URL - [61]Mandiant_UNC2165
Mandiant Intelligence. (2022, June 2). To HADES and Back: UNC2165 Shifts to LOCKBIT to Evade Sanctions. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
Open source URL - [62]Socket HexEval BeaverTail Contagious Interview June 2025
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Kasza, A., Halfpop, T. (2016, February 09). NanoCoreRAT Behind an Increase in Tax-Themed Phishing E-mails. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
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Kimberly Goody, Jeremy Kennelly, Joshua Shilko, Steve Elovitz, Douglas Bienstock. (2020, October 28). Unhappy Hour Special: KEGTAP and SINGLEMALT With a Ransomware Chaser. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
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Chen, J. et al. (2019, November). Operation ENDTRADE: TICK’s Multi-Stage Backdoors for Attacking Industries and Stealing Classified Data. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
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Stephen Eckels, Jay Smith, William Ballenthin. (2020, December 24). SUNBURST Additional Technical Details. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
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Sushko, O. (2019, April 17). macOS Bundlore: Mac Virus Bypassing macOS Security Features. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
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Leandro Fróes, Netskope. (2025, January 23). Lumma Stealer: Fake CAPTCHAs & New Techniques to Evade Detection. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
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Greenberg, A. (2019, March 25). A Guide to LockerGoga, the Ransomware Crippling Industrial Firms. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
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Peretz, A. and Theck, E. (2021, March 5). Earth Vetala – MuddyWater Continues to Target Organizations in the Middle East. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
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Boutin, J. (2020, June 11). Gamaredon group grows its game. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
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Rusnák, Z. (2024, September 26). Cyberespionage the Gamaredon way: Analysis of toolset used to spy on Ukraine in 2022 and 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
Open source URL
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