T1584.004: Server
Adversaries may compromise third-party servers that can be used during targeting. Use of servers allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize servers for various tasks, including for Command and Control.[1] Instead of purchasing a Server or Virtual Private Server, adversaries may compromise third-party servers in support of operations.
Adversaries may also compromise web servers to support watering hole operations, as in Drive-by Compromise, or email servers to support Phishing operations.
Security context for executives and security teams
T1584.004 is about adversaries compromising third-party servers before or during an operation so they can stage activity, support command and control, enable watering-hole activity, or support phishing. The business issue is that the infrastructure may look like legitimate external Internet services, making early warning difficult and pushing detection beyond endpoint-only visibility.
Executive priority
Treat this as a pre-compromise and resource-development risk: leaders should ask whether the organization can identify suspicious infrastructure before it is used against them, preserve evidence when external servers are involved in an incident, and justify controls that reduce exposure to phishing, watering holes, and command-and-control paths. ATT&CK links this behavior to multiple espionage and criminal groups and campaigns, including activity involving energy, petrochemical, SCADA, defense, government, financial, and critical infrastructure contexts, so it is relevant to resilience and cyber-physical risk planning where those environments exist.
Technical view
This is a PRE-platform resource-development sub-technique under Compromise Infrastructure. MITRE provides no official detection text, but the relationship to DET0874 indicates a detection strategy exists. SOC and detection teams should validate whether they can correlate external infrastructure intelligence, network egress, DNS, proxy, email, and web activity to identify use of compromised third-party servers for C2, phishing support, or drive-by/watering-hole operations. IR teams should be ready to distinguish adversary-controlled compromised infrastructure from owned infrastructure, because takedown, notification, and evidence handling decisions differ.
Likely telemetry
- External attack-surface and Internet-scan intelligence relevant to suspicious servers
- DNS resolution and passive DNS history for contacted infrastructure
- Proxy, secure web gateway, and firewall egress logs
- Network flow metadata showing unusual outbound connections to third-party servers
- Email gateway logs for phishing infrastructure and delivery paths
Detection direction
- Validate coverage for pre-compromise infrastructure hunting, not only post-compromise endpoint alerts.
- Tune analytics to look for suspicious relationships among domains, servers, certificates, hosting changes, DNS history, and network connections, using external infrastructure research where available.
- Correlate suspected compromised servers with phishing, watering-hole, and command-and-control hypotheses rather than treating each signal in isolation.
- Account for false positives: third-party servers may be legitimate business services, shared hosting, or benign infrastructure, so detections should require context and analyst review.
- Identify blind spots in outbound traffic logging, DNS visibility, email telemetry, and access to historical external-scan data.
Mitigation priorities
- Prioritize pre-compromise measures consistent with M1056: reduce attack surface, limit unnecessary information exposure, and make adversary preparation harder.
- Strengthen phishing and web-exposure defenses because the technique can support phishing and drive-by/watering-hole operations.
- Maintain current asset, DNS, and third-party exposure inventories so defenders can separate owned infrastructure from suspicious external infrastructure during investigations.
- Ensure IR playbooks include handling of compromised third-party servers, including evidence preservation, blocking decisions, and escalation to providers or affected third parties when appropriate.
- Use threat intelligence and external infrastructure monitoring to support proactive hunting, especially for sectors or geographies reflected in relevant ATT&CK campaign and group context.
Additional notes and limits
The most decision-relevant point is that this behavior occurs before visible compromise and often uses someone else’s server, which can make attribution, blocking, and incident scoping harder. Relationship context shows use by multiple campaigns and groups, including Turla, Lazarus Group, Sandworm Team, Dragonfly, Earth Lusca, Volt Typhoon, and others; this supports prioritizing infrastructure intelligence and pre-compromise monitoring without assuming any specific actor is targeting the reader.
MITRE does not provide official detection text for this object in the supplied fields, and the related DET0874 detection strategy is named but not described here. Specific indicators, tools, server characteristics, and detection logic must come from local telemetry and approved threat-intelligence sources. No claim is made that this behavior is active in any specific environment.
Generated from the cited source records. This long-tail analysis has not been individually reviewed by a named human.
Server
Adversaries may compromise third-party servers that can be used during targeting. Use of servers allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize servers for various tasks, including for Command and Control.[1] Instead of purchasing a Server or Virtual Private Server, adversaries may compromise third-party servers in support of operations.
Adversaries may also compromise web servers to support watering hole operations, as in Drive-by Compromise, or email servers to support Phishing operations.
How security teams should use this page
Treat this object as behavior context, not an attribution claim. Validate the related groups, software, data sources, and mitigations against official ATT&CK relationships and your own telemetry before making control-coverage decisions.
Related techniques
This mirrors the MITRE pattern of making group, software, campaign, and technique relationships scannable. Relationship notes come from mirrored ATT&CK relationship text when available.
| Domain | ID | Name | Relationship / procedure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enterprise | T1584 | Compromise Infrastructure | This object subtechnique of Compromise Infrastructure. |
Groups, software, and campaigns
G0032: Lazarus Group
Lazarus Group is a North Korean state-sponsored cyber threat group attributed to the Reconnaissance General Bureau (RGB). [1] [2] Lazarus Group has been active since at least 2009 and is reportedly responsible for the November 2014 destructive wiper attack on Sony Pictures Entertainment, identified by Novetta as part of Operation Blockbuster. Malware used by Lazarus Group correlates to other reported campaigns, including Operation Flame, Operation 1Mission, Operation Troy, DarkSeoul, and Ten Days of Rain.[3]
North Korea’s cyber operations have shown a consistent pattern of adaptation, forming and reorganizing units as national priorities shift. These units frequently share personnel, infrastructure, malware, and tradecraft, making it difficult to attribute specific operations with high confidence. Public reporting often uses “Lazarus Group” as an umbrella term for multiple North Korean cyber operators conducting espionage, destructive attacks, and financially motivated campaigns.[4][5][6]
G1017: Volt Typhoon
Volt Typhoon is a People's Republic of China (PRC) state-sponsored actor that has been active since at least 2021, primarily targeting critical infrastructure organizations in the US and its territories including Guam. Volt Typhoon's targeting and pattern of behavior have been assessed as pre-positioning to enable lateral movement to operational technology (OT) assets for potential destructive or disruptive attacks. Volt Typhoon has emphasized stealth in operations using web shells, living-off-the-land (LOTL) binaries, hands on keyboard activities, and stolen credentials.[1][2][3][4]. The group has leveraged compromised SOHO routers to proxy command and control traffic and obscure its infrastructure, activity associated with the KV botnet.[5].
Reporting indicates a separate initial access cluster, SYLVANITE, has been observed exploiting internet-facing edge devices and transferring access to Volt Typhoon, also tracked as VOLTZITE, for follow-on operations. [6]
G0035: Dragonfly
Dragonfly is a cyber espionage group that has been attributed to Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) Center 16.[1][2] Active since at least 2010, Dragonfly has targeted defense and aviation companies, government entities, companies related to industrial control systems, and critical infrastructure sectors worldwide through supply chain, spearphishing, and drive-by compromise attacks.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
G0010: Turla
Turla is a cyber espionage threat group that has been attributed to Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB). They have compromised victims in over 50 countries since at least 2004, spanning a range of industries including government, embassies, military, education, research and pharmaceutical companies. Turla is known for conducting watering hole and spearphishing campaigns, and leveraging in-house tools and malware, such as Uroburos.[1][2][3][4][5]
G0065: Leviathan
Leviathan is a Chinese state-sponsored cyber espionage group that has been attributed to the Ministry of State Security's (MSS) Hainan State Security Department and an affiliated front company.[1] Active since at least 2009, Leviathan has targeted the following sectors: academia, aerospace/aviation, biomedical, defense industrial base, government, healthcare, manufacturing, maritime, and transportation across the US, Canada, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.[1][2][3][4]
G0023: APT16
G0034: Sandworm Team
Sandworm Team is a destructive threat group that has been attributed to Russia's General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) Main Center for Special Technologies (GTsST) military unit 74455.[1][2] This group has been active since at least 2009.[3][4][5][6]
In October 2020, the US indicted six GRU Unit 74455 officers associated with Sandworm Team for the following cyber operations: the 2015 and 2016 attacks against Ukrainian electrical companies and government organizations, the 2017 worldwide NotPetya attack, targeting of the 2017 French presidential campaign, the 2018 Olympic Destroyer attack against the Winter Olympic Games, the 2018 operation against the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and attacks against the country of Georgia in 2018 and 2019.[1][2] Some of these were conducted with the assistance of GRU Unit 26165, which is also referred to as APT28.[7]
G1034: Daggerfly
Daggerfly is a People's Republic of China-linked APT entity active since at least 2012. Daggerfly has targeted individuals, government and NGO entities, and telecommunication companies in Asia and Africa. Daggerfly is associated with exclusive use of MgBot malware and is noted for several potential supply chain infection campaigns.[1][2][3][4]
G0119: Indrik Spider
Indrik Spider is a Russia-based cybercriminal group that has been active since at least 2014. Indrik Spider initially started with the Dridex banking Trojan, and then by 2017 they began running ransomware operations using BitPaymer, WastedLocker, and Hades ransomware. Following U.S. sanctions and an indictment in 2019, Indrik Spider changed their tactics and diversified their toolset.[1][2][3]
G1006: Earth Lusca
Earth Lusca is a suspected China-based cyber espionage group that has been active since at least April 2019. Earth Lusca has targeted organizations in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Germany, France, and the United States. Targets included government institutions, news media outlets, gambling companies, educational institutions, COVID-19 research organizations, telecommunications companies, religious movements banned in China, and cryptocurrency trading platforms; security researchers assess some Earth Lusca operations may be financially motivated.[1]
Earth Lusca has used malware commonly used by other Chinese threat groups, including APT41 and the Winnti Group cluster, however security researchers assess Earth Lusca's techniques and infrastructure are separate.[1]
C0013: Operation Sharpshooter
Operation Sharpshooter was a global cyber espionage campaign that targeted nuclear, defense, government, energy, and financial companies, with many located in Germany, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Security researchers noted the campaign shared many similarities with previous Lazarus Group operations, including fake job recruitment lures and shared malware code.[1][2][3]
C0042: Outer Space
Outer Space was a campaign conducted by OilRig throughout 2021 that used the SampleCheck5000 downloader and Solar backdoor to target Israeli organizations.[1]
C0062: Anthropic AI-orchestrated Campaign
The Anthropic AI-orchestrated Campaign was conducted in September 2025 by a likely China nexus espionage actor identified as GTG-1002. The Anthropic AI-orchestrated Campaign was a highly coordinated operation that manipulated Claude Code to perform reconnaissance, vulnerability discovery, exploitation, lateral movement, credential harvesting, data analysis, and exfiltration operations at approximately 30 entities in the technology, financial, chemical, and government sectors. During the Anthropic AI-orchestrated Campaign, human operators used Claude Code agents and Model Context Protocol (MCP) tools to automate cyber operations. Operators broke attacks into discrete tasks, used crafted prompts, and established personas to bypass AI guardrails, enabling the agents to execute the operations with minimal human involvement.[1][2]
C0002: Night Dragon
Night Dragon was a cyber espionage campaign that targeted oil, energy, and petrochemical companies, along with individuals and executives in Kazakhstan, Taiwan, Greece, and the United States. The unidentified threat actors searched for information related to oil and gas field production systems, financials, and collected data from SCADA systems. Based on the observed techniques, tools, and network activities, security researchers assessed the campaign involved a threat group based in China.[1]
C0022: Operation Dream Job
Operation Dream Job was a cyber espionage operation likely conducted by Lazarus Group that targeted the defense, aerospace, government, and other sectors in the United States, Israel, Australia, Russia, and India. In at least one case, the cyber actors tried to monetize their network access to conduct a business email compromise (BEC) operation. In 2020, security researchers noted overlapping TTPs, to include fake job lures and code similarities, between Operation Dream Job, Operation North Star, and Operation Interception; by 2022 security researchers described Operation Dream Job as an umbrella term covering both Operation Interception and Operation North Star.[1][2][3][4]
C0044: Juicy Mix
All related ATT&CK context
Mitigation direction
Object version and sync metadata
The fields below describe the current mirrored snapshot. When Glexia retains multiple ATT&CK source imports, you can open the table to compare the same object across releases (hashes and MITRE timestamps). For MITRE’s own release notes and roadmap, see ATT&CK resources — Updates.
Imported snapshots across ATT&CK releases(1)
| Release | Bundle imported | Object version | Modified | Status | Raw hash |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19.1 | 1.2 | Current bundle | 38ffd3bc9f36… |
Mirrored ATT&CK source object
The raw object is retained through the mirrored ATT&CK source bundle and object hash. The raw endpoint returns the exact object from the mirrored bundle when available.
External references and citations
MITRE external references are preserved separately from Glexia analysis so citations remain traceable to their original source records.
- [1]TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022
Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca’s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
Open source URL - [2]Kaspersky ThreatNeedle Feb 2021
Vyacheslav Kopeytsev and Seongsu Park. (2021, February 25). Lazarus targets defense industry with ThreatNeedle. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
Open source URL - [3]Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023
Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 24). Chinese Cyberespionage Group BRONZE SILHOUETTE Targets U.S. Government and Defense Organizations. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
Open source URL - [4]CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024
CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
Open source URL - [5]Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021
Slowik, J. (2021, October). THE BAFFLING BERSERK BEAR: A DECADE’S ACTIVITY TARGETING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
Open source URL - [6]Bleeping Computer Op Sharpshooter March 2019
I. Ilascu. (2019, March 3). Op 'Sharpshooter' Connected to North Korea's Lazarus Group. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
Open source URL - [7]ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023
Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig’s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol’ rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
Open source URL - [8]Recorded Future Turla Infra 2020
Insikt Group. (2020, March 12). Swallowing the Snake’s Tail: Tracking Turla Infrastructure. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
Open source URL - [9]Accenture HyperStack October 2020
Accenture. (2020, October). Turla uses HyperStack, Carbon, and Kazuar to compromise government entity. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
Open source URL - [10]Talos TinyTurla September 2021
Cisco Talos. (2021, September 21). TinyTurla - Turla deploys new malware to keep a secret backdoor on victim machines. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
Open source URL - [11]CISA Leviathan 2024
CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People’s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
Open source URL - [12]FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2
Winters, R. (2015, December 20). The EPS Awakens - Part 2. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
Open source URL - [13]Anthropic AI Orchestrated Campaign NOV 2025
Anthropic. (2025, November). Disrupting the first reported AI-orchestrated cyber espionage campaign. Retrieved April 20, 2026.
Open source URL - [14]NSA Sandworm 2020
National Security Agency. (2020, March 28). Sandworm Actors Exploiting Vulnerability In EXIM Mail Transfer Agent. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
Open source URL - [15]Leonard TAG 2023
Billy Leonard. (2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia’s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
Open source URL - [16]ESET EvasivePanda 2024
Ahn Ho, Facundo Muñoz, & Marc-Etienne M.Léveillé. (2024, March 7). Evasive Panda leverages Monlam Festival to target Tibetans. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
Open source URL - [17]McAfee Night Dragon
McAfee® Foundstone® Professional Services and McAfee Labs™. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: “Night Dragon”. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Open source URL - [18]ClearSky Lazarus Aug 2020
ClearSky Research Team. (2020, August 13). Operation 'Dream Job' Widespread North Korean Espionage Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
Open source URL - [19]ESET Lazarus Jun 2020
Breitenbacher, D and Osis, K. (2020, June 17). OPERATION IN(TER)CEPTION: Targeted Attacks Against European Aerospace and Military Companies. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
Open source URL - [20]McAfee Lazarus Jul 2020
Cashman, M. (2020, July 29). Operation North Star Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
Open source URL - [21]Crowdstrike Indrik November 2018
Frankoff, S., Hartley, B. (2018, November 14). Big Game Hunting: The Evolution of INDRIK SPIDER From Dridex Wire Fraud to BitPaymer Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
Open source URL - [22]Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021
Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
Open source URL - [23]Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021
Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
Open source URL - [24]Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021
Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
Open source URL - [25]Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020
Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.
Open source URL - [26]Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020
Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.
Open source URL - [27]Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020
Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.
Open source URL - [28]ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020
ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
Open source URL - [29]ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020
ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
Open source URL - [30]ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020
ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
Open source URL - [31]TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022
Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca’s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
Open source URL - [32]TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022
Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca’s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
Open source URL - [33]mitre-attackT1584.004Open source URL
- [34]mitre-attackT1584.004Open source URL
- [35]mitre-attackT1584.004Open source URL
- [36]Kaspersky ThreatNeedle Feb 2021
Vyacheslav Kopeytsev and Seongsu Park. (2021, February 25). Lazarus targets defense industry with ThreatNeedle. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
Open source URL - [37]CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024
CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
Open source URL - [38]Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023
Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 24). Chinese Cyberespionage Group BRONZE SILHOUETTE Targets U.S. Government and Defense Organizations. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
Open source URL - [39]Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021
Slowik, J. (2021, October). THE BAFFLING BERSERK BEAR: A DECADE’S ACTIVITY TARGETING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
Open source URL - [40]Bleeping Computer Op Sharpshooter March 2019
I. Ilascu. (2019, March 3). Op 'Sharpshooter' Connected to North Korea's Lazarus Group. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
Open source URL - [41]ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023
Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig’s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol’ rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
Open source URL - [42]Accenture HyperStack October 2020
Accenture. (2020, October). Turla uses HyperStack, Carbon, and Kazuar to compromise government entity. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
Open source URL - [43]Recorded Future Turla Infra 2020
Insikt Group. (2020, March 12). Swallowing the Snake’s Tail: Tracking Turla Infrastructure. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
Open source URL - [44]Talos TinyTurla September 2021
Cisco Talos. (2021, September 21). TinyTurla - Turla deploys new malware to keep a secret backdoor on victim machines. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
Open source URL - [45]CISA Leviathan 2024
CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People’s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
Open source URL - [46]FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2
Winters, R. (2015, December 20). The EPS Awakens - Part 2. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
Open source URL - [47]Anthropic AI Orchestrated Campaign NOV 2025
Anthropic. (2025, November). Disrupting the first reported AI-orchestrated cyber espionage campaign. Retrieved April 20, 2026.
Open source URL - [48]Leonard TAG 2023
Billy Leonard. (2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia’s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
Open source URL - [49]NSA Sandworm 2020
National Security Agency. (2020, March 28). Sandworm Actors Exploiting Vulnerability In EXIM Mail Transfer Agent. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
Open source URL - [50]ESET EvasivePanda 2024
Ahn Ho, Facundo Muñoz, & Marc-Etienne M.Léveillé. (2024, March 7). Evasive Panda leverages Monlam Festival to target Tibetans. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
Open source URL - [51]ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023
Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig’s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol’ rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
Open source URL - [52]TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022
Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca’s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
Open source URL
Source: MITRE ATT&CK®. © 2026 The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation. MITRE ATT&CK and ATT&CK are registered trademarks of The MITRE Corporation. Glexia is not affiliated with or endorsed by MITRE.