T1686: Disable or Modify System Firewall
Adversaries may disable or modify host-based or network firewalls to impair defensive mechanisms and enable further action. Once an adversary has gathered sufficient privileges, they can tamper with firewall services, policies, or rule sets to remove restrictions on inbound or outbound traffic. For example, this may include turning off firewall profiles, altering existing rules to permit previously blocked ports or protocols, or adding new rules that create covert communication paths (e.g., adding a new firewall rule for a well-known protocol (such as RDP) using a non-traditional and potentially less securitized port.[1]
Adversaries may disable or modify firewalls using different behaviors, depending on the platform. For example, in ESXi, firewall rules may be modified directly via the esxcli (e.g., via esxcli network firewall set) or via the vCenter user interface.[2][3]
Security context for executives and security teams
Disabling or changing firewalls is a direct attack on the controls that keep systems, virtual infrastructure, and network devices segmented and observable. For leaders, the significance is not just “a firewall was changed,” but that an adversary with sufficient privileges may be preparing to move laterally, open remote access paths, bypass egress restrictions, or reduce the organization’s ability to contain an incident.
Executive priority
Treat this as a high-priority defense-impairment behavior because it can undermine business continuity and incident containment across Windows, Linux, macOS, ESXi, and network devices. Executives should ask whether firewall rule changes are approved, logged, reviewed, and rapidly reversible—especially on virtualization hosts, perimeter/network devices, and systems supporting critical operations. This technique also has compliance relevance: audit evidence should show who changed firewall policy, when, from where, and under what authorization.
Technical view
SOC, detection engineering, and IR teams should validate monitoring for firewall service state changes, profile changes, rule additions/deletions/modifications, and configuration changes across the supported platforms. The ESXi reference specifically highlights firewall modification via esxcli or the vCenter user interface; Windows-related relationship context points to host firewall profile and rule changes. Relationship context also shows sub-techniques for Network Device Firewall and Windows Host Firewall, so detections should not be limited to endpoint logs alone. DET0145 is listed as a related detection strategy, but the ATT&CK object itself provides no official detection text, so local validation is required.
Likely telemetry
- Endpoint security and operating system logs showing firewall service state or policy changes
- Windows host firewall rule/profile change logs where available
- Linux and macOS firewall configuration and command/audit logs
- ESXi host and vCenter administrative activity logs, including firewall configuration changes
- Network device configuration change logs for ACLs, zones, and policy rules
Detection direction
- Baseline expected firewall rules and alert on unauthorized additions, deletions, disabled profiles, or broad permit rules.
- Correlate firewall changes with privileged account use, remote administration, suspicious timing, and subsequent network connections.
- Cover both host-based and network-device firewalls; a common blind spot is focusing only on Windows endpoints while missing ESXi, Linux/macOS, and infrastructure device changes.
- Tune for legitimate administrative maintenance by joining detections to change tickets or approved automation accounts rather than suppressing firewall-change alerts globally.
- Prioritize changes that enable remote access protocols, unusual ports, unrestricted internal access, or outbound paths that were previously blocked.
Mitigation priorities
- Enforce least privilege and strong user account management for accounts capable of changing firewall settings.
- Restrict file, directory, and registry permissions where firewall configuration can be modified through local system artifacts.
- Audit firewall configuration changes across endpoints, ESXi/vCenter, and network devices, and retain logs long enough for incident response and compliance review.
- Require change control and independent review for firewall rule changes on critical systems and network infrastructure.
- Maintain known-good firewall configurations and recovery procedures so incident responders can quickly identify and reverse unauthorized changes.
Additional notes and limits
This technique is newly represented as T1686 in ATT&CK release 19.1 and is the successor for revoked T1562.004 based on the supplied relationship. Reported relationships include multiple groups, campaigns, and software using this behavior, including SolarWinds Compromise, Leviathan Australian Intrusions, Carbanak, Dragonfly, FIN7, APT38, Kimsuky, TeamTNT, BlackByte, Salt Typhoon, Velvet Ant, UNC3886, Medusa Group, and PlugX. These relationships support defensive prioritization but should not be used alone for attribution.
The official ATT&CK object does not provide detection text, and the supplied fields do not define platform-specific event IDs, commands, or guaranteed indicators. Detection quality depends on local logging, administrative workflows, device coverage, and whether firewall changes are centrally collected and correlated with identity and change-management data.
Generated from the cited source records. This long-tail analysis has not been individually reviewed by a named human.
Disable or Modify System Firewall
Adversaries may disable or modify host-based or network firewalls to impair defensive mechanisms and enable further action. Once an adversary has gathered sufficient privileges, they can tamper with firewall services, policies, or rule sets to remove restrictions on inbound or outbound traffic. For example, this may include turning off firewall profiles, altering existing rules to permit previously blocked ports or protocols, or adding new rules that create covert communication paths (e.g., adding a new firewall rule for a well-known protocol (such as RDP) using a non-traditional and potentially less securitized port.[1]
Adversaries may disable or modify firewalls using different behaviors, depending on the platform. For example, in ESXi, firewall rules may be modified directly via the esxcli (e.g., via esxcli network firewall set) or via the vCenter user interface.[2][3]
How security teams should use this page
Treat this object as behavior context, not an attribution claim. Validate the related groups, software, data sources, and mitigations against official ATT&CK relationships and your own telemetry before making control-coverage decisions.
Related techniques
This mirrors the MITRE pattern of making group, software, campaign, and technique relationships scannable. Relationship notes come from mirrored ATT&CK relationship text when available.
| Domain | ID | Name | Relationship / procedure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enterprise | T1686.003 | Windows Host FirewallSub-technique | Windows Host Firewall subtechnique of this object. |
| Enterprise | T1562.004 | Disable or Modify System FirewallSub-technique | Disable or Modify System Firewall revoked by this object. |
| Enterprise | T1686.001 | Cloud FirewallSub-technique | Cloud Firewall subtechnique of this object. |
| Enterprise | T1686.002 | Network Device FirewallSub-technique | Network Device Firewall subtechnique of this object. |
Groups, software, and campaigns
G0139: TeamTNT
TeamTNT is a threat group that has primarily targeted cloud and containerized environments. The group as been active since at least October 2019 and has mainly focused its efforts on leveraging cloud and container resources to deploy cryptocurrency miners in victim environments.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
G1022: ToddyCat
G1043: BlackByte
BlackByte is a ransomware threat actor operating since at least 2021. BlackByte is associated with several versions of ransomware also labeled BlackByte Ransomware. BlackByte ransomware operations initially used a common encryption key allowing for the development of a universal decryptor, but subsequent versions such as BlackByte 2.0 Ransomware use more robust encryption mechanisms. BlackByte is notable for operations targeting critical infrastructure entities among other targets across North America.[1][2][3][4][5]
G1047: Velvet Ant
Velvet Ant is a threat actor operating since at least 2021. Velvet Ant is associated with complex persistence mechanisms, the targeting of network devices and appliances during operations, and the use of zero day exploits.[1][2]
G1051: Medusa Group
Medusa Group has been active since at least 2021 and was initially operated as a closed ransomware group before evolving into a Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) operation. Some reporting indicates that certain attacks may still be conducted directly by the ransomware’s core developers. Public sources have also referred to the group as “Spearwing” or “Medusa Actors.” [1] [2] Medusa Group employs living-off-the-land techniques, frequently leveraging publicly available tools and common remote management software to conduct operations. The group engages in double extortion tactics, exfiltrating data prior to encryption and threatening to publish stolen information if ransom demands are not met. [3] For initial access, Medusa Group has exploited publicly known vulnerabilities, conducted phishing campaigns, and used credentials or access purchased from Initial Access Brokers (IABs). The group is opportunistic and has targeted a wide range of sectors globally. [4]
G0082: APT38
APT38 is a North Korean state-sponsored threat group that specializes in financial cyber operations; it has been attributed to the Reconnaissance General Bureau.[1] Active since at least 2014, APT38 has targeted banks, financial institutions, casinos, cryptocurrency exchanges, SWIFT system endpoints, and ATMs in at least 38 countries worldwide. Significant operations include the 2016 Bank of Bangladesh heist, during which APT38 stole $81 million, as well as attacks against Bancomext [2] and Banco de Chile [2]; some of their attacks have been destructive.[1][2][3][4]
North Korean group definitions are known to have significant overlap, and some security researchers report all North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under the name Lazarus Group instead of tracking clusters or subgroups.
G0046: FIN7
FIN7 is a financially-motivated threat group that has been active since 2013. FIN7 has targeted the retail, restaurant, hospitality, software, consulting, financial services, medical equipment, cloud services, media, food and beverage, transportation, pharmaceutical, and utilities industries in the United States. A portion of FIN7 was operated out of a front company called Combi Security and often used point-of-sale malware for targeting efforts. Since 2020, FIN7 shifted operations to big game hunting (BGH), including use of REvil ransomware and their own Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS), Darkside. FIN7 may be linked to the Carbanak Group, but multiple threat groups have been observed using Carbanak, leading these groups to be tracked separately.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
G0035: Dragonfly
Dragonfly is a cyber espionage group that has been attributed to Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) Center 16.[1][2] Active since at least 2010, Dragonfly has targeted defense and aviation companies, government entities, companies related to industrial control systems, and critical infrastructure sectors worldwide through supply chain, spearphishing, and drive-by compromise attacks.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
G0094: Kimsuky
Kimsuky is a Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)-based cyber espionage group that has been active since at least 2012. The group initially targeted South Korean government agencies, think tanks, and subject-matter experts in various fields. Its operations expanded to include the United Nations and organizations in the government, education, business services, and manufacturing sectors across the United States, Japan, Russia, and Europe. Kimsuky has focused collection on foreign policy and national security issues tied to the Korean Peninsula, nuclear policy, and sanctions. Kimsuky operations have overlapped with those of other North Korean state-sponsored cyber espionage actors as a result of ad hoc collaborations or other limited resource sharing.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Kimsuky was assessed to be responsible for the 2014 Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. compromise; other notable campaigns include Operation STOLEN PENCIL (2018), Operation Kabar Cobra (2019), and Operation Smoke Screen (2019).[7][8][9] In 2023, Kimsuky was observed using commercial large language models (LLMs) to assist with vulnerability research, scripting, social engineering and reconnaissance.[10]
DPRK threat actor cluster boundaries overlap in open source reporting, with some security researchers consolidating all attributed North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under Lazarus Group, rather than tracking operationally distinct subgroups.
G0106: Rocke
Rocke is an alleged Chinese-speaking adversary whose primary objective appeared to be cryptojacking, or stealing victim system resources for the purposes of mining cryptocurrency. The name Rocke comes from the email address "rocke@live.cn" used to create the wallet which held collected cryptocurrency. Researchers have detected overlaps between Rocke and the Iron Cybercrime Group, though this attribution has not been confirmed.[1]
G1045: Salt Typhoon
Salt Typhoon is a People's Republic of China (PRC) state-backed actor that has been active since at least 2019 and responsible for numerous compromises of network infrastructure at major U.S. telecommunication and internet service providers (ISP).[1][2]
G0008: Carbanak
S0260: InvisiMole
InvisiMole is a modular spyware program that has been used by the InvisiMole Group since at least 2013. InvisiMole has two backdoor modules called RC2FM and RC2CL that are used to perform post-exploitation activities. It has been discovered on compromised victims in the Ukraine and Russia. Gamaredon Group infrastructure has been used to download and execute InvisiMole against a small number of victims.[1][2]
S1223: THINCRUST
S0108: netsh
S0376: HOPLIGHT
S0492: CookieMiner
CookieMiner is mac-based malware that targets information associated with cryptocurrency exchanges as well as enabling cryptocurrency mining on the victim system itself. It was first discovered in the wild in 2019.[1]
S1032: PyDCrypt
PyDCrypt is malware written in Python designed to deliver DCSrv. It has been used by Moses Staff since at least September 2021, with each sample tailored for its intended victim organization.[1]
S0088: Kasidet
S1211: Hannotog
Hannotog is a type of backdoor malware uniquely assoicated with Lotus Blossom operations since at least 2022.[1]
S0013: PlugX
S0336: NanoCore
S0412: ZxShell
S1161: BPFDoor
BPFDoor is a Linux based passive long-term backdoor used by China-based threat actors. First seen in 2021, BPFDoor is named after its usage of Berkley Packet Filter (BPF) to execute single task instructions. BPFDoor supports multiple protocols for communicating with a C2 including TCP, UDP, and ICMP and can start local or reverse shells that bypass firewalls using iptables.[1][2]
C0049: Leviathan Australian Intrusions
Leviathan Australian Intrusions consisted of at least two long-term intrusions against victims in Australia by Leviathan, relying on similar tradecraft such as external service exploitation followed by extensive credential capture and re-use to enable privilege escalation and lateral movement. Leviathan Australian Intrusions were focused on exfiltrating sensitive data including valid credentials for the victim organizations.[1]
C0024: SolarWinds Compromise
The SolarWinds Compromise was a sophisticated supply chain cyber operation conducted by APT29 that was discovered in mid-December 2020. APT29 used customized malware to inject malicious code into the SolarWinds Orion software build process that was later distributed through a normal software update; they also used password spraying, token theft, API abuse, spear phishing, and other supply chain attacks to compromise user accounts and leverage their associated access. Victims of this campaign included government, consulting, technology, telecom, and other organizations in North America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. This activity has been labled the StellarParticle campaign in industry reporting.[1] Industry reporting also initially referred to the actors involved in this campaign as UNC2452, NOBELIUM, Dark Halo, and SolarStorm.[2][3][4][5][1][6][7][8]
In April 2021, the US and UK governments attributed the SolarWinds Compromise to Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR); public statements included citations to APT29, Cozy Bear, and The Dukes.[9][10][11] The US government assessed that of the approximately 18,000 affected public and private sector customers of Solar Winds’ Orion product, a much smaller number were compromised by follow-on APT29 activity on their systems.[12]
All related ATT&CK context
Mitigation direction
Object version and sync metadata
The fields below describe the current mirrored snapshot. When Glexia retains multiple ATT&CK source imports, you can open the table to compare the same object across releases (hashes and MITRE timestamps). For MITRE’s own release notes and roadmap, see ATT&CK resources — Updates.
Imported snapshots across ATT&CK releases(1)
| Release | Bundle imported | Object version | Modified | Status | Raw hash |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19.1 | 1.0 | Current bundle | ffe5018f911f… |
Mirrored ATT&CK source object
The raw object is retained through the mirrored ATT&CK source bundle and object hash. The raw endpoint returns the exact object from the mirrored bundle when available.
External references and citations
MITRE external references are preserved separately from Glexia analysis so citations remain traceable to their original source records.
- [1]change_rdp_port_conti
The DFIR Report. (2022, March 1). "Change RDP port" #ContiLeaks. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
Open source URL - [2]Broadcom ESXi Firewall
Broadcom. (2025, March 24). Add Allowed IP Addresses for an ESXi Host by Using the VMware Host Client. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
Open source URL - [3]Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024
Pham Duy Phuc, Max Kersten, Noël Keijzer, and Michaël Schrijver. (2024, February 14). RansomHouse am See. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
Open source URL - [4]Aqua TeamTNT August 2020
Kol, Roi. Morag, A. (2020, August 25). Deep Analysis of TeamTNT Techniques Using Container Images to Attack. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
Open source URL - [5]ESET InvisiMole June 2018
Hromcová, Z. (2018, June 07). InvisiMole: Surprisingly equipped spyware, undercover since 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Open source URL - [6]Kaspersky ToddyCat Check Logs October 2023
Dedola, G. et al. (2023, October 12). ToddyCat: Keep calm and check logs. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Open source URL - [7]Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day
Marvi, A. et al.. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
Open source URL - [8]Picus BlackByte 2022
Huseyin Can Yuceel. (2022, February 21). TTPs used by BlackByte Ransomware Targeting Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
Open source URL - [9]Symantec BlackByte 2022
Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, October 21). Exbyte: BlackByte Ransomware Attackers Deploy New Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
Open source URL - [10]CISA Leviathan 2024
CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People’s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
Open source URL - [11]TechNet Netsh
Microsoft. (n.d.). Using Netsh. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
Open source URL - [12]TechNet Netsh Firewall
Microsoft. (2009, June 3). Netsh Commands for Windows Firewall. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
Open source URL - [13]US-CERT HOPLIGHT Apr 2019
US-CERT. (2019, April 10). MAR-10135536-8 – North Korean Trojan: HOPLIGHT. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
Open source URL - [14]Sygnia VelvetAnt 2024A
Sygnia Team. (2024, June 3). China-Nexus Threat Group ‘Velvet Ant’ Abuses F5 Load Balancers for Persistence. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
Open source URL - [15]Unit42 CookieMiner Jan 2019
Chen, y., et al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges’ Cookies. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
Open source URL - [16]CISA Medusa Group Medusa Ransomware March 2025
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2025, March 12). AA25-071A #StopRansomware: Medusa Ransomware. Retrieved October 15, 2025.
Open source URL - [17]Checkpoint MosesStaff Nov 2021
Checkpoint Research. (2021, November 15). Uncovering MosesStaff techniques: Ideology over Money. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
Open source URL - [18]CISA AA20-239A BeagleBoyz August 2020
DHS/CISA. (2020, August 26). FASTCash 2.0: North Korea's BeagleBoyz Robbing Banks. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
Open source URL - [19]Zscaler Kasidet
Yadav, A., et al. (2016, January 29). Malicious Office files dropping Kasidet and Dridex. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- [20]Symantec Bilbug 2022
Symntec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, November 12). Billbug: State-sponsored Actor Targets Cert Authority, Government Agencies in Multiple Asian Countries. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
Open source URL - [21]BlackBerry_FIN7_April2024
The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2024, April 17). Threat Group FIN7 Targets the U.S. Automotive Industry. Retrieved May 1, 2025.
Open source URL - [22]DigiTrust NanoCore Jan 2017
The DigiTrust Group. (2017, January 01). NanoCore Is Not Your Average RAT. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
Open source URL - [23]PaloAlto NanoCore Feb 2016
Kasza, A., Halfpop, T. (2016, February 09). NanoCoreRAT Behind an Increase in Tax-Themed Phishing E-mails. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
Open source URL - [24]US-CERT TA18-074A
US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
Open source URL - [25]Securelist Kimsuky Sept 2013
Tarakanov , D.. (2013, September 11). The “Kimsuky” Operation: A North Korean APT?. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Open source URL - [26]Microsoft Deep Dive Solorigate January 2021
MSTIC, CDOC, 365 Defender Research Team. (2021, January 20). Deep dive into the Solorigate second-stage activation: From SUNBURST to TEARDROP and Raindrop . Retrieved January 22, 2021.
Open source URL - [27]Talos ZxShell Oct 2014
Allievi, A., et al. (2014, October 28). Threat Spotlight: Group 72, Opening the ZxShell. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
Open source URL - [28]Sandfly BPFDoor 2022
The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
Open source URL - [29]Talos Rocke August 2018
Liebenberg, D.. (2018, August 30). Rocke: The Champion of Monero Miners. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
Open source URL - [30]Cisco Salt Typhoon FEB 2025
Cisco Talos. (2025, February 20). Weathering the storm: In the midst of a Typhoon. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
Open source URL - [31]FireEye APT30
FireEye Labs. (2015, April). APT30 AND THE MECHANICS OF A LONG-RUNNING CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATION. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
Open source URL - [32]Group-IB Anunak
Group-IB and Fox-IT. (2014, December). Anunak: APT against financial institutions. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- [33]Kaspersky ShrinkLocker 2024
Cristian Souza, Eduardo Ovalle, Ashley Muñoz, & Christopher Zachor. (2024, May 23). ShrinkLocker: Turning BitLocker into ransomware. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
Open source URL - [34]Splunk ShrinkLocker 2024
Splunk Threat Research Team , Teoderick Contreras. (2024, September 5). ShrinkLocker Malware: Abusing BitLocker to Lock Your Data. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
Open source URL - [35]Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022
Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
Open source URL - [36]Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023
Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
Open source URL - [37]ESET Grandoreiro April 2020
ESET. (2020, April 28). Grandoreiro: How engorged can an EXE get?. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
Open source URL - [38]Broadcom ESXi Firewall
Broadcom. (2025, March 24). Add Allowed IP Addresses for an ESXi Host by Using the VMware Host Client. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
Open source URL - [39]Broadcom ESXi Firewall
Broadcom. (2025, March 24). Add Allowed IP Addresses for an ESXi Host by Using the VMware Host Client. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
Open source URL - [40]Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024
Pham Duy Phuc, Max Kersten, Noël Keijzer, and Michaël Schrijver. (2024, February 14). RansomHouse am See. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
Open source URL - [41]Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024
Pham Duy Phuc, Max Kersten, Noël Keijzer, and Michaël Schrijver. (2024, February 14). RansomHouse am See. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
Open source URL - [42]change_rdp_port_conti
The DFIR Report. (2022, March 1). "Change RDP port" #ContiLeaks. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
Open source URL - [43]change_rdp_port_conti
The DFIR Report. (2022, March 1). "Change RDP port" #ContiLeaks. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
Open source URL - [44]mitre-attackT1686Open source URL
- [45]mitre-attackT1686Open source URL
- [46]mitre-attackT1686Open source URL
- [47]Aqua TeamTNT August 2020
Kol, Roi. Morag, A. (2020, August 25). Deep Analysis of TeamTNT Techniques Using Container Images to Attack. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
Open source URL - [48]ESET InvisiMole June 2018
Hromcová, Z. (2018, June 07). InvisiMole: Surprisingly equipped spyware, undercover since 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Open source URL - [49]Kaspersky ToddyCat Check Logs October 2023
Dedola, G. et al. (2023, October 12). ToddyCat: Keep calm and check logs. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Open source URL - [50]Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day
Marvi, A. et al.. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
Open source URL - [51]Picus BlackByte 2022
Huseyin Can Yuceel. (2022, February 21). TTPs used by BlackByte Ransomware Targeting Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
Open source URL - [52]Symantec BlackByte 2022
Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, October 21). Exbyte: BlackByte Ransomware Attackers Deploy New Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
Open source URL - [53]CISA Leviathan 2024
CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People’s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
Open source URL - [54]TechNet Netsh
Microsoft. (n.d.). Using Netsh. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
Open source URL - [55]TechNet Netsh Firewall
Microsoft. (2009, June 3). Netsh Commands for Windows Firewall. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
Open source URL - [56]US-CERT HOPLIGHT Apr 2019
US-CERT. (2019, April 10). MAR-10135536-8 – North Korean Trojan: HOPLIGHT. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
Open source URL - [57]Sygnia VelvetAnt 2024A
Sygnia Team. (2024, June 3). China-Nexus Threat Group ‘Velvet Ant’ Abuses F5 Load Balancers for Persistence. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
Open source URL - [58]Unit42 CookieMiner Jan 2019
Chen, y., et al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges’ Cookies. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
Open source URL - [59]CISA Medusa Group Medusa Ransomware March 2025
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2025, March 12). AA25-071A #StopRansomware: Medusa Ransomware. Retrieved October 15, 2025.
Open source URL - [60]Checkpoint MosesStaff Nov 2021
Checkpoint Research. (2021, November 15). Uncovering MosesStaff techniques: Ideology over Money. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
Open source URL - [61]CISA AA20-239A BeagleBoyz August 2020
DHS/CISA. (2020, August 26). FASTCash 2.0: North Korea's BeagleBoyz Robbing Banks. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
Open source URL - [62]Zscaler Kasidet
Yadav, A., et al. (2016, January 29). Malicious Office files dropping Kasidet and Dridex. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- [63]Symantec Bilbug 2022
Symntec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, November 12). Billbug: State-sponsored Actor Targets Cert Authority, Government Agencies in Multiple Asian Countries. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
Open source URL - [64]Sygnia VelvetAnt 2024A
Sygnia Team. (2024, June 3). China-Nexus Threat Group ‘Velvet Ant’ Abuses F5 Load Balancers for Persistence. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
Open source URL - [65]Sygnia VelvetAnt 2024A
Sygnia Team. (2024, June 3). China-Nexus Threat Group ‘Velvet Ant’ Abuses F5 Load Balancers for Persistence. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
Open source URL - [66]BlackBerry_FIN7_April2024
The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2024, April 17). Threat Group FIN7 Targets the U.S. Automotive Industry. Retrieved May 1, 2025.
Open source URL - [67]DigiTrust NanoCore Jan 2017
The DigiTrust Group. (2017, January 01). NanoCore Is Not Your Average RAT. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
Open source URL - [68]PaloAlto NanoCore Feb 2016
Kasza, A., Halfpop, T. (2016, February 09). NanoCoreRAT Behind an Increase in Tax-Themed Phishing E-mails. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
Open source URL - [69]US-CERT TA18-074A
US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
Open source URL - [70]Securelist Kimsuky Sept 2013
Tarakanov , D.. (2013, September 11). The “Kimsuky” Operation: A North Korean APT?. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Open source URL - [71]Microsoft Deep Dive Solorigate January 2021
MSTIC, CDOC, 365 Defender Research Team. (2021, January 20). Deep dive into the Solorigate second-stage activation: From SUNBURST to TEARDROP and Raindrop . Retrieved January 22, 2021.
Open source URL - [72]Talos ZxShell Oct 2014
Allievi, A., et al. (2014, October 28). Threat Spotlight: Group 72, Opening the ZxShell. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
Open source URL - [73]Sandfly BPFDoor 2022
The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
Open source URL - [74]Talos Rocke August 2018
Liebenberg, D.. (2018, August 30). Rocke: The Champion of Monero Miners. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
Open source URL - [75]Cisco Salt Typhoon FEB 2025
Cisco Talos. (2025, February 20). Weathering the storm: In the midst of a Typhoon. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
Open source URL - [76]FireEye APT30
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