Security readout for executives and security teams
Plain-English summary
A malicious app may access sensitive user data because Apple platforms mishandled security state. The issue can expose confidential information but is not described as altering data or disrupting systems. Apple fixed it across supported iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple TV, and Apple Watch releases.
Executive priority
Schedule prompt remediation through normal security-update processes, prioritizing Macs and devices exposed to untrusted applications. Emergency incident handling is not supported solely by the supplied evidence because active exploitation is unconfirmed, exploitation is local, and availability and integrity impacts are not identified.
Technical view
CVE-2025-31191 is a CWE-200 information-exposure flaw caused by inadequate state management. Its CVSS 3.1 score is 5.5: local access, low complexity, no privileges, and user interaction, with high confidentiality impact only. Microsoft characterizes the macOS issue as a security-scoped-bookmark sandbox escape.
Likely exposure
Potentially exposed devices run releases earlier than iOS/iPadOS 18.4, macOS Sequoia 15.4, Sonoma 14.7.5, Ventura 13.7.5, tvOS 18.4, or watchOS 11.4. The supplied evidence does not establish exact lower affected-version boundaries or whether every older release is vulnerable.
Exploitation context
The vulnerability requires local application execution and user interaction; no prior privileges are indicated. It could let an app cross an intended confidentiality boundary and access sensitive data. The source bundle marks it absent from KEV and provides no evidence of active exploitation.
Researcher notes
The vector is CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N. Apple attributes the issue to state management and supplies fixed releases without detailed affected-version ranges. Microsoft's analysis adds macOS-specific sandbox-escape context, but the bundle does not establish equivalent mechanics across iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, or watchOS.
Mitigation direction
- Update iPhones and iPads to iOS or iPadOS 18.4 or later.
- Update Macs to Sequoia 15.4, Sonoma 14.7.5, Ventura 13.7.5, or later supported releases.
- Update Apple TV devices to tvOS 18.4 or later.
- Update Apple Watches to watchOS 11.4 or later.
- Prioritize devices running untrusted or externally sourced applications.
Validation and detection
- Inventory Apple devices and record their operating-system versions.
- Confirm each device meets or exceeds the applicable fixed release.
- Review endpoint telemetry for unexpected application access to sensitive user files or data.
- Verify update compliance through device-management reporting where available.
- Treat uncertain legacy releases as unresolved until Apple guidance confirms their status.
Public sources used
Generated from the cited source records. This long-tail analysis has not been individually reviewed by a named human.
Conservative CVE-to-ATT&CK context
These mappings and lookup hints may be relevant to the vulnerability behavior, CWE, affected product, or exposure path. Glexia-inferred context is not an official MITRE, ATT&CK, CWE, or CVE Program mapping.
ATT&CK lookup starting points
Use these exact CWE pages and searches to review the Glexia ATT&CK library from this CVE's weakness and description context.
CWE-200: Information exposure and cloud metadata lookup
Information exposure and SSRF weaknesses can make discovery, cloud metadata, and credential material review relevant. Open the exact CWE lookup page first, then review the ATT&CK searches from that MITRE weakness context. This is a Glexia lookup hint, not an official ATT&CK mapping.
Open ATT&CK lookupCVE-2025-31191 mapping review
Open the CVE-to-ATT&CK bridge for reviewed, inferred, or future official mappings tied to this CVE.
Open ATT&CK lookup- Severity
- Medium
- CVSS
- 5.5 (3.1)
- Known Exploited
- No
- Published
Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
CNA and ADP enrichment extracted from CVE v5
These fields come from the CVE record and ADP containers, not from Glexia's Take. They preserve time-varying source decisions such as CISA SSVC, KEV status, CVSS metrics, and provider references.
SSVC decision data
CVSS vector scores
1 official scoreWe collect every scored CVSS vector available in the official CNA and ADP containers. When more than one version is present, the table keeps the source vectors side by side instead of collapsing them into the highest score.
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N1.83.6CISA-ADPVulnerability scoring details
Base CVSS 3.1 score
5.5MediumVector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Vulnerability timeline
Timeline events are normalized from CVE metadata, CNA source timelines, ADP timelines, and KEV metadata when present.
- CVE reservedCVE Program
The CVE ID was reserved by the assigning CNA.
- CVE publishedCVE Program
The CVE record was published.
- CVE updatedCVE Program
The CVE record metadata indicates this as the latest update time.
ADP provider summaries
Source materials
- CVE List V5 sourceCVE List V5
- https://support.apple.com/en-us/122371CVE reference, apple
- https://support.apple.com/en-us/122373CVE reference, apple
- https://support.apple.com/en-us/122374CVE reference, apple
- https://support.apple.com/en-us/122375CVE reference, apple
- https://support.apple.com/en-us/122376CVE reference, apple
- https://support.apple.com/en-us/122377CVE reference, apple
- https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2025/05/01/analyzing-cve-2025-31191-a-macos-security-scoped-bookmarks-based-sandbox-escape/CVE reference, CVE
Products and packages named in the record
CWE details
CWE links open Glexia weakness intelligence pages with official CWE context, developer remediation guidance, and related CVE mappings.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor represents a recurring weakness pattern that can create exploitable paths when design, validation, or implementation controls are missing.