CVE-2023-54288: wifi: mac80211: fortify the spinlock against deadlock by interrupt
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
wifi: mac80211: fortify the spinlock against deadlock by interrupt
In the function ieee80211_tx_dequeue() there is a particular locking
sequence:
begin:
spin_lock(&local->queue_stop_reason_lock);
q_stopped = local->queue_stop_reasons[q];
spin_unlock(&local->queue_stop_reason_lock);
However small the chance (increased by ftracetest), an asynchronous
interrupt can occur in between of spin_lock() and spin_unlock(),
and the interrupt routine will attempt to lock the same
&local->queue_stop_reason_lock again.
This will cause a costly reset of the CPU and the wifi device or an
altogether hang in the single CPU and single core scenario.
The only remaining spin_lock(&local->queue_stop_reason_lock) that
did not disable interrupts was patched, which should prevent any
deadlocks on the same CPU/core and the same wifi device.
This is the probable trace of the deadlock:
kernel: ================================
kernel: WARNING: inconsistent lock state
kernel: 6.3.0-rc6-mt-20230401-00001-gf86822a1170f #4 Tainted: G W
kernel: --------------------------------
kernel: inconsistent {IN-SOFTIRQ-W} -> {SOFTIRQ-ON-W} usage.
kernel: kworker/5:0/25656 [HC0[0]:SC0[0]:HE1:SE1] takes:
kernel: ffff9d6190779478 (&local->queue_stop_reason_lock){+.?.}-{2:2}, at: return_to_handler+0x0/0x40
kernel: {IN-SOFTIRQ-W} state was registered at:
kernel: lock_acquire+0xc7/0x2d0
kernel: _raw_spin_lock+0x36/0x50
kernel: ieee80211_tx_dequeue+0xb4/0x1330 [mac80211]
kernel: iwl_mvm_mac_itxq_xmit+0xae/0x210 [iwlmvm]
kernel: iwl_mvm_mac_wake_tx_queue+0x2d/0xd0 [iwlmvm]
kernel: ieee80211_queue_skb+0x450/0x730 [mac80211]
kernel: __ieee80211_xmit_fast.constprop.66+0x834/0xa50 [mac80211]
kernel: __ieee80211_subif_start_xmit+0x217/0x530 [mac80211]
kernel: ieee80211_subif_start_xmit+0x60/0x580 [mac80211]
kernel: dev_hard_start_xmit+0xb5/0x260
kernel: __dev_queue_xmit+0xdbe/0x1200
kernel: neigh_resolve_output+0x166/0x260
kernel: ip_finish_output2+0x216/0xb80
kernel: __ip_finish_output+0x2a4/0x4d0
kernel: ip_finish_output+0x2d/0xd0
kernel: ip_output+0x82/0x2b0
kernel: ip_local_out+0xec/0x110
kernel: igmpv3_sendpack+0x5c/0x90
kernel: igmp_ifc_timer_expire+0x26e/0x4e0
kernel: call_timer_fn+0xa5/0x230
kernel: run_timer_softirq+0x27f/0x550
kernel: __do_softirq+0xb4/0x3a4
kernel: irq_exit_rcu+0x9b/0xc0
kernel: sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x80/0xa0
kernel: asm_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x1f/0x30
kernel: _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x3f/0x70
kernel: free_to_partial_list+0x3d6/0x590
kernel: __slab_free+0x1b7/0x310
kernel: kmem_cache_free+0x52d/0x550
kernel: putname+0x5d/0x70
kernel: do_sys_openat2+0x1d7/0x310
kernel: do_sys_open+0x51/0x80
kernel: __x64_sys_openat+0x24/0x30
kernel: do_syscall_64+0x5c/0x90
kernel: entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc
kernel: irq event stamp: 5120729
kernel: hardirqs last enabled at (5120729): [<ffffffff9d149936>] trace_graph_return+0xd6/0x120
kernel: hardirqs last disabled at (5120728): [<ffffffff9d149950>] trace_graph_return+0xf0/0x120
kernel: softirqs last enabled at (5069900): [<ffffffff9cf65b60>] return_to_handler+0x0/0x40
kernel: softirqs last disabled at (5067555): [<ffffffff9cf65b60>] return_to_handler+0x0/0x40
kernel:
other info that might help us debug this:
kernel: Possible unsafe locking scenario:
kernel: CPU0
kernel: ----
kernel: lock(&local->queue_stop_reason_lock);
kernel: <Interrupt>
kernel: lock(&local->queue_stop_reason_lock);
kernel:
*** DEADLOCK ***
kernel: 8 locks held by kworker/5:0/25656:
kernel: #0: ffff9d618009d138 ((wq_completion)events_freezable){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: process_one_work+0x1ca/0x530
kernel: #1: ffffb1ef4637fe68 ((work_completion)(&local->restart_work)){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: process_one_work+0x1ce/0x530
kernel: #2: ffffffff9f166548 (rtnl_mutex){+.+.}-{3:3}, at: return_to_handler+0x0/0x40
kernel: #3: ffff9d619
---truncated---
Security readout for executives and security teams
Plain-English summary
This Linux kernel Wi-Fi bug can deadlock a CPU while handling mac80211 transmit queue locking. The reported impact is availability: CPU reset, Wi-Fi device reset, or a full hang in single-core scenarios. There is no source evidence of active exploitation or data theft.
Executive priority
Treat this as a reliability and availability issue, not a proven breach vector. Patch through normal kernel maintenance, with higher urgency for Wi-Fi-dependent endpoints, appliances, or remote sites where hangs create operational impact.
Technical view
CVE-2023-54288 is a mac80211 locking flaw in ieee80211_tx_dequeue(). An interrupt could occur while queue_stop_reason_lock was held, then re-enter code that tried to take the same lock. The upstream fix changes the remaining lock path to disable interrupts, preventing same-CPU deadlock.
Likely exposure
Exposure appears limited to Linux systems using the mac80211 Wi-Fi stack on affected kernel versions or downstream kernels missing the referenced stable fixes. Systems without Wi-Fi hardware, without mac80211 use, or already carrying the stable commits are unlikely to be exposed.
Exploitation context
The source describes a race condition with a small chance of occurrence, increased during ftrace testing. It does not describe a remote attacker, exploit prerequisites, public exploit code, or active exploitation. KEV is false in the provided bundle.
Researcher notes
The affected-version data in the bundle is not fully self-explanatory, including commit hashes and broad kernel version entries. Use the CVE record plus stable commits as anchors, then rely on downstream vendor backport status for production exposure decisions.
Mitigation direction
Update to a vendor kernel containing the referenced stable fixes.
Check Linux distribution advisories for exact fixed package versions.
Prioritize systems where Wi-Fi is operationally important or hard to reboot.
If patching is delayed, follow vendor guidance for reducing Wi-Fi stack exposure.
Avoid assuming mainline version numbers map cleanly to downstream kernels.
Validation and detection
Inventory Linux kernels and identify systems using mac80211 Wi-Fi.
Compare deployed kernels against vendor fixed versions or referenced stable commits.
Review kernel logs for lock warnings, Wi-Fi resets, CPU resets, or hangs.
Confirm the update includes the queue_stop_reason_lock interrupt-safety fix.
Retest affected Wi-Fi workflows after kernel maintenance.
Generated from the cited source records. This long-tail analysis has not been individually reviewed by a named human.
Potential ATT&CK relevance
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CVE publishedCVE Program
The CVE record was published.
Dec 30, 2025, 12:23 UTC (UTC+00:00)
CVE updatedCVE Program
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