CVE-2023-54032: btrfs: fix race when deleting quota root from the dirty cow roots list
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
btrfs: fix race when deleting quota root from the dirty cow roots list
When disabling quotas we are deleting the quota root from the list
fs_info->dirty_cowonly_roots without taking the lock that protects it,
which is struct btrfs_fs_info::trans_lock. This unsynchronized list
manipulation may cause chaos if there's another concurrent manipulation
of this list, such as when adding a root to it with
ctree.c:add_root_to_dirty_list().
This can result in all sorts of weird failures caused by a race, such as
the following crash:
[337571.278245] general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0xdead000000000108: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
[337571.278933] CPU: 1 PID: 115447 Comm: btrfs Tainted: G W 6.4.0-rc6-btrfs-next-134+ #1
[337571.279153] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.14.0-0-g155821a1990b-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014
[337571.279572] RIP: 0010:commit_cowonly_roots+0x11f/0x250 [btrfs]
[337571.279928] Code: 85 38 06 00 (...)
[337571.280363] RSP: 0018:ffff9f63446efba0 EFLAGS: 00010206
[337571.280582] RAX: ffff942d98ec2638 RBX: ffff9430b82b4c30 RCX: 0000000449e1c000
[337571.280798] RDX: dead000000000100 RSI: ffff9430021e4900 RDI: 0000000000036070
[337571.281015] RBP: ffff942d98ec2000 R08: ffff942d98ec2000 R09: 000000000000015b
[337571.281254] R10: 0000000000000009 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffff942fe8fbf600
[337571.281476] R13: ffff942dabe23040 R14: ffff942dabe20800 R15: ffff942d92cf3b48
[337571.281723] FS: 00007f478adb7340(0000) GS:ffff94349fa40000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[337571.281950] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[337571.282184] CR2: 00007f478ab9a3d5 CR3: 000000001e02c001 CR4: 0000000000370ee0
[337571.282416] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
[337571.282647] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
[337571.282874] Call Trace:
[337571.283101] <TASK>
[337571.283327] ? __die_body+0x1b/0x60
[337571.283570] ? die_addr+0x39/0x60
[337571.283796] ? exc_general_protection+0x22e/0x430
[337571.284022] ? asm_exc_general_protection+0x22/0x30
[337571.284251] ? commit_cowonly_roots+0x11f/0x250 [btrfs]
[337571.284531] btrfs_commit_transaction+0x42e/0xf90 [btrfs]
[337571.284803] ? _raw_spin_unlock+0x15/0x30
[337571.285031] ? release_extent_buffer+0x103/0x130 [btrfs]
[337571.285305] reset_balance_state+0x152/0x1b0 [btrfs]
[337571.285578] btrfs_balance+0xa50/0x11e0 [btrfs]
[337571.285864] ? __kmem_cache_alloc_node+0x14a/0x410
[337571.286086] btrfs_ioctl+0x249a/0x3320 [btrfs]
[337571.286358] ? mod_objcg_state+0xd2/0x360
[337571.286577] ? refill_obj_stock+0xb0/0x160
[337571.286798] ? seq_release+0x25/0x30
[337571.287016] ? __rseq_handle_notify_resume+0x3ba/0x4b0
[337571.287235] ? percpu_counter_add_batch+0x2e/0xa0
[337571.287455] ? __x64_sys_ioctl+0x88/0xc0
[337571.287675] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x88/0xc0
[337571.287901] do_syscall_64+0x38/0x90
[337571.288126] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc
[337571.288352] RIP: 0033:0x7f478aaffe9b
So fix this by locking struct btrfs_fs_info::trans_lock before deleting
the quota root from that list.
Security readout for executives and security teams
Plain-English summary
CVE-2023-54032 is a Linux kernel btrfs bug that can corrupt internal filesystem bookkeeping during quota disable operations. The source describes crashes from a race condition, not confirmed data theft or remote compromise. Business urgency depends on whether production systems use btrfs and quotas.
Executive priority
Treat this as a targeted reliability and availability issue for btrfs-based Linux systems. It is not currently evidenced as internet-exploited, but kernel crashes on storage infrastructure can still affect service availability.
Technical view
The bug is an unsynchronized deletion of the btrfs quota root from fs_info->dirty_cowonly_roots without holding btrfs_fs_info::trans_lock. Concurrent list manipulation, such as adding roots to the dirty list, can cause kernel faults during btrfs transaction handling. The upstream fix adds the missing lock.
Likely exposure
Exposure appears limited to Linux systems using btrfs, especially where btrfs quotas are enabled or disabled. The bundle lists Linux kernel versions from 3.6 through 6.5 as affected, but distribution backport status must be verified separately.
Exploitation context
The source shows a crash scenario and race condition, but does not claim public exploitation, privilege escalation, or remote attackability. CISA KEV status is false in the bundle, so active exploitation should not be assumed.
Researcher notes
Evidence is strongest for root cause and fix direction, because the CVE text includes the failing lock discipline and crash trace. Evidence is incomplete for CVSS, attacker requirements, exploitability, and distribution-specific fixed versions. Validate through vendor kernel changelogs, not mainline version numbers alone.
Mitigation direction
Apply vendor kernel updates that include the referenced btrfs stable fixes.
Prioritize systems using btrfs quotas or operational btrfs maintenance workflows.
If patching is delayed, check Linux distribution guidance for supported mitigations.
Avoid making unsupported kernel or filesystem behavior changes without vendor confirmation.
Validation and detection
Inventory Linux hosts using btrfs filesystems.
Identify systems with btrfs quota functionality enabled or recently used.
Check installed kernels against vendor advisories and included stable commits.
Review kernel logs for btrfs transaction crashes or general protection faults.
Confirm patched kernels are deployed through standard fleet compliance reporting.
Generated from the cited source records. This long-tail analysis has not been individually reviewed by a named human.
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Dec 24, 2025, 10:55 UTC (UTC+00:00)
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